Energy-Efficient Clustering Protocol Using Particle Swarm Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

The energy of sensor nodes in the network consumes more energy due to the sending and receiving of data among them before being forwarded to the server or the sink. Therefore, the remains energy of nodes is one of the main concerns in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) that should be addressed and improved. Many approaches and methods are proposed to decrease the consumption of node energy in the network, one solution has been proposed to solve this problem such as the Particle Swarm Optimization Based Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol (PSOEEC). However, this method only concentrates on utilizing initial energy and residual energy among nodes to cluster head nodes, while for the nodes close to the base station not much attention is given to enhancing it to reduce the consumption of energy. Therefore, this paper proposes an Energy-Efficient Particle Swarm Algorithm (EEPSA) to address the hotspot problem and extend the life of the network. Our method produces uneven clusters dependent on the radius of competition. The responsibility of this function is to generate unequal nodes in the clustering protocols and is capable to determine the sizing of cluster nodes from the sink or base station. Besides, the delay time with the fitness value of sensor nodes calculates based on high residual energy, average residual-energy, and the minimum and maximum distance from nodes to the base station to choose the optimal cluster head in the network. Finally, we have concluded with potential future works out of this effort.