Endovascular Surgery Revascularization of Chronic Cervical Carotid Occlusions: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background Chronic symptomatic internal carotid artery occlusion is an important cause of ischemic strokes. Medical management alone remains suboptimal for secondary prevention, and randomized controlled trials failed to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of extracranial-intracranial vascular bypass. Carotid occlusion endovascular surgery (COES) is a promising technique, yet its efficacy and safety remain unclear. Methods This systematic review and meta-analysis included studies in which patients with chronic symptomatic internal carotid artery occlusion underwent treatment with COES and medical management. Primary outcomes included successful reperfusion rates and periprocedural ischemic and hemorrhagic events rates. Secondary outcomes included rates of ischemic events recurrence, other periprocedural events, and mortality. Studies contained at least one of the treatment groups and outcomes of interest. Results Twenty-two studies were selected for systematic review, with 18 of them for meta-analysis. From 14 studies (N=561) the rate of successful recanalization was achieved in 74% of all patients undergoing COES. Thirteen studies (N=534) showed that the rate of COES was 2% both for periprocedural ischemic and hemorrhagic events. At long-term follow-up, the COES cohort included a total of 10 studies (N=311) and had a 12% rate of ischemic events, while the medical management group, which included 5 studies (N=313), showed a rate of 19%, with nonsignificant subgroup differences (P=0.09, I-2, 12%). Rates of other periprocedural mortality were 4% and 1%, respectively. Conclusion This meta-analysis supports the use of COES as a promising and innovative technique for the secondary prevention of symptomatic internal carotid artery occlusion. Our findings suggest that COES may be superior to medical management alone, although further research is needed to fully evaluate its efficacy and safety.