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Femtosecond‐laser Micromachining Fork Gratings in LN Crystal with Different Mechanisms

Jixin Liu, Hangjiang Zhang, Siwen Ai,Quanxin Yang,Hongliang Liu

Microwave and optical technology letters(2023)

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Abstract
In this work, we used femtosecond-laser direct writing to fabricate two kinds of modified structures with opposite refractive-index changes to build fork-grating configurations in z-cut LiNbO3 (LN) crystals. Experimental and simulation results indicate that the fork grating combined with the modified area of the refractive index increased and refractive index decreased produces a more effective diffraction effect at 532 nm. The diffraction results of these fork gratings have been investigated. Compared with the fork grating only with the refractive-index-decreased filaments, when the incident beam is at transverse magnetic, transverse electric, and circular polarizations, the diffraction efficiency is improved by 5.3%, 4.3%, and 9.6%, respectively. Our work provides a new perspective for improving the diffraction efficiency of fork gratings in LN crystals.
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Key words
femtosecond-laser direct writing,fork grating,LN crystal,vortex beam
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