Incoherent Feedforward Loop as a Clock Signal for Synchronizing Signals in Biological Systems

Asynchronous signals in synthetic gene networks can result in fault outputs and system failure. To address this challenge and meet the growing demands for user-defined control in biomedical applications, this paper proposes a clock signal to integrate input signals and generate a synchronized output. The clock signal utilizes an incoherent type-1 feedforward loop (I1-FFL) network, which exhibits stable behavior and enhanced response speed, as shown through mathematical models and simulations. Our proposed biological clock serves as a promising solution for synchronizing asynchronous inputs in synthetic gene networks, enabling temporal control over gene expression dynamics, and providing a timing reference for multi-input systems in various applications.