Magnetic Field Signatures of Tropospheric and Thermospheric Lamb Modes Triggered by the 15 January 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruption

Intense eruptions of the Tonga volcano activated prominent traveling atmospheric disturbances (TADs) at 04:05UT on 15 January 2022. Himawari-8 satellite images depict that TADs of the tropospheric Lamb wavefront propagate with a speed of 315 m/s and arrive in Taiwan at 11:30UT. Networks of 98 barometers, 28 tide gauges, an ionosonde, and 10 magnetometers are used to study the responses of magnetic fields to TADs in Taiwan. The horizontal components in magnetic field changes of the Taiwan magnetometers all point toward and away from the Tonga volcano at 11:00-12:00UT upon the tropospheric Lamb wavefront arrival and at 22:00-23:00UT when the thermospheric Lamb wavefront with speeds of 487 m/s coming, respectively. Analyses of the raytracing and beamforming techniques on the horizontal components in magnetic field changes of 69 INTERMAGNET magnetometers show that both tropospheric and thermospheric Lamb waves efficiently activate traveling ionospheric disturbances and modify ionospheric currents of the globe.