Simple and Rapid Colorimetric Detection of Canine Parainfluenza Virus 5 (Orthorubulavirus mammalis) Using a Reverse-Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay

Despite its many advantages, a reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplifica-tion (RT-LAMP) assay has yet to be developed for canine parainfluenza virus 5 (CPIV5). In this study, a visual RT-LAMP (vRT-LAMP) assay was developed for the rapid detection of CPIV5 in clinical samples. At a constant reaction temperature of 62 C-?, the assay was completed within 40 min, and the results could be directly detected with the naked eye using a hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB) metal indicator without any additional detection apparatuses. The assay specifically amplified CPIV5 RNA with a limit of detection of 10 RNA copies/reaction, which was 10-fold more sensitive than the previ-ously reported conventional reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (cRT-PCR) assay and was comparable to the previously reported real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) assay. In a clinical evaluation using 267 nasopharyngeal swab samples collected from hospitalized dogs with respiratory symptoms, the CPIV5 detection rate using the vRT-LAMP assay was 5.24% (14/267), which was higher than that of the cRT-PCR assay (4.49%, 12/267) and consistent with that of the qRT-PCR assay, demonstrating 100% concordance with a kappa coefficient value (95% confidence interval) of 1 (1.00-1.00). The discrepancies in the results of the assays were confirmed to be attributed to the low sensitivity of the cRT-PCR assay. Owing to the advantages of a high specificity, rapidity, and simplicity, the developed vRT-LAMP assay using an HNB metal indicator will be a valuable diagnostic tool for the detection of CPIV5 in canine clinical samples, even in resource-limited laboratories.