Calibration and Application of PUF Disk Passive Air Samplers To Assess Chlorinated Paraffins in Ambient Air in Australia, China, and Vietnam

Ambient air samples were collected in Brisbane (Australia), Dalian (China), and Hanoi (Vietnam) during Mar 2013-Feb 2018 using polyurethane foam based passive air samplers. A sampling rate calibration experiment was conducted for chlorinated paraffins (CPs, i.e., short-chain, medium-chain, and long-chain CPs), where the sampling rates were 4.5 +/- 0.7, 4.8 +/- 0.3, and 4.8 +/- 2.1 m(3) day(-1) for SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs, respectively. The atmospheric concentration of CPs was then calculated and the medians of & sum;CPs were 0.079, 1.0, and 0.89 ng m(-3) in Brisbane, Dalian, and Hanoi, respectively. The concentration of CPs in Brisbane's air remained at low levels, with no significant differences observed between the city background site and the city center site, indicating limited usage and production of CPs in this city. The highest concentration of MCCPs was detected in Dalian, while the highest concentration of SCCPs was detected in Hanoi. A decrease of SCCP concentration and an increase of MCCPs' were found in Brisbane's air from 2016 to 2018, while increasing trends for both SCCPs and MCCPs were observed in Dalian. These results indicated impacts from different sources of CPs in the investigated cities.