Analysis of Global Ischemic Heart Disease Burden from Multiple Perspectives

Background Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a prevalent cardiovascular condition that poses a significant risk to human health. It has become essential to update the global prevalence, incidence, and mortality of IHD to examine secular trends. Methods The prevalence, incidence, death rates, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of IHD were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 to assess the disease burden. We used joinpoint regression analysis to detect temporal changes and estimate the annual percent of change (APC) of each trend segment. The annual percentage change (EAPC) to access the temporal trends of the disease burden of IHD. Additionally, an analysis of the associated risk factors for IHD was conducted. Results The global number of IHD prevalence cases has increased from 96.90 million to 197.22 million, along with an increase in incidence, death, and DALYs from 1990 to 2019. After adjusting for age standardization, all indicators have shown a decrease. The decline was more pronounced among females. The number of IHD cases increased with age. In 1990 and 2019, the highest age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) of IHD was observed in North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and surrounding countries. The ASPR and age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of IHD were highest in low-middle SDI regions. High systolic blood pressure was the main driving force for IHD. Conclusions IHD has shown a decline in morbidity and mortality worldwide, but is on the rise in some less developed regions. The risk of incidence and death from IHD is higher in males. Paying more attention to the occurrence of IHD in the elderly is key to prevention. There exists a strong correlation between social development and the rates of morbidity and mortality associated with IHD. The inequity in global health is especially apparent in the context of this disease. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. ### Funding Statement Yes ### Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: N/A I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable. Yes All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files. .