Prevalence and bidirectional association between rhinitis and urticaria: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Rhinitis, allergic rhinitis in particular, and urticaria are both common diseases globally. However, there is controversy with regard to the correlation between rhinitis and urticaria. Objective: To examine the accurate association between rhinitis and urticaria. Methods: Three medical literature data bases were searched from data base inception until January 11, 2022. The preva-lence and association between rhinitis and urticaria were estimated by meta-analysis. Quality assessment was performed by using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and pooled prevalence were calculated by using random-effects models. Results: Urticaria prevalence in patients with rhinitis was 17.6% (95% CI, 13.2%-21.9%). The pooled prevalence of rhini-tis was 31.3% (95% CI, 24.2%-38.4%) in patients with urticaria, and rhinitis prevalence in patients with acute urticaria and chronic urticaria was 31.6% (95% CI, 7.4%-55.8%) and 28.7% (95% CI, 20.4%-36.9%), respectively. Rhinitis occur-rence was significantly associated with urticaria (OR 2.67 [95% CI, 2.625-2.715]). Urticaria and rhinitis were diagnosed based on different criteria, possibly resulting in a potential error of misclassification. Conclusion: Rhinitis and urticaria were significantly correlated. Physicians should be cognizant with regard to this rela-tionship and address nasal or skin symptoms in patients.