Regulatory Potential of Noncoding RNAs Co-Located with Cardiomyopathy Related Genes

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) play an important regulatory role in the activity of genes essential for the development and functioning of cardiovascular system. Intragenic ncRNAs are coordinately regulated and/or expressed with their host genes, including ncRNAs the genes of which are located in the regions of cardiomyopathy (CMP) related genes. This review summarizes the results from studies analyzing the involvement of intragenic ncRNAs in the functioning of the heart in normal conditions and during the development of CMPs of different origin. The intragenic CMP-associated ncRNAs most actively recruited to the study are microRNAs (miR-1, miR-133a, miR-208a, miR-208b, miR-324, miR-490, miR-499a), as well as long ncRNAs (MHRT, TTN-AS1, and KCNQ1OT1). It was demonstrated that the levels of these ncRNAs in the myocardium were dynamically regulated in ontogeny, depending on gender and the heart’s anatomical part. Expression of these ncRNAs in the myocardium/blood serum in humans and animal models is changed under the influence of exogenous and endogenous factors, demonstrating an association with clinical features during the CMP development and progression. The change in the ncRNA levels preceding clinical manifestation of the disease, the reported possibility of arresting the development of CMP, and even the restoration of normal phenotype by controlling the levels of these regulatory molecules point to their involvement in the pathogenesis of the disease. MicroRNAs and long ncRNAs, the genes of which overlap in location with the CMP related genes, participate in different metabolic processes that are important for normal functioning of the heart, including the involvement in epigenetic processes.