Radiometric and magnetic susceptibility characterization of soil profiles: Geophysical data and their relationship with Antarctic periglacial processes, pedogenesis, and lithology

Maritime Antarctica is still pedologically unexplored by proximal geophysical sensors. In-depth soil geophysical characterizations in depth can provide comprehensive information regarding how weathering, pedogenesis, and periglacial processes operate in periglacial environments, with advantages like non-invasive methodology, fast and precise data acquisition, practical equipment operation, and cost-effectiveness. This research aimed to carry out the first proximal gamma-spectrometric and magnetic geophysical characterization of soil profiles in maritime Antarctica and to relate the geophysical variables analyzed with periglacial processes, weathering, pedogenesis, geology, and landscape dynamics. The study was carried out in the Keller Peninsula (King George Island, Maritime Antarctica) with the pedological characterization of soil profiles, using two proximal geophysical sensors (gamma spectrometer and susceptibility meter) that quantify, respectively, soil radionuclides uranium, thorium and potassium as well as soil magnetic susceptibility. For that, twenty soil profiles were described and characterized, and soil samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis. In addition, readings were carried out with the two geophysical sensors in each soil profile, through soil horizons up to the lithic contact and/or permafrost top. We performed exploratory statistical analyses in R software as follows: visualizing the geophysical variables in soil depth for each profile and soil class, obtaining descriptive statistics among soil classes, analyzing geophysical variables by geology and soil classes, performing Spearman correlation between geophysical variables and soil physico-chemical attributes, and applying principal component analysis to pedological classes, geophysical variables, and soil physico-chemical attributes. The results showed that radionuclide contents increased with soil profile depth in all profiles and soil classes analyzed, except for Cryosols where permafrost is present, and cryoturbation was more pronounced. The potassium content was high in all soil profiles, evidencing the low degree of chemical weathering and leaching. The soil magnetic susceptibility values tended to decrease in depth, mainly where permafrost was present. The gravel content contributed more to the levels of radionuclide content. The clay content in some soil classes present contributed secondarily to uranium and thorium contents. Soil profiles located on marine terraces were influenced by periglacial reworking and deposition of different materials, showing increases in magnetic susceptibility values with soil depth by the absolute accumulation of ferrimagnetic minerals. Principal component analyses efficiently separated Regosols from other soil classes by soil & kappa; related to lithology, whereas Cambisols and other soil classes were separated by radionuclide contents related to incipient pedogenesis. These findings may give new insights into understand this inhospitable continent.