Air-brush spray coated Ti3C2-MXene-graphene nanohybrid thin film based electrochemical biosensor for cancer biomarker detection

Cancer is a significant health hazard worldwide and poses a greater threat to the quality of human life. Quan-tifying cancer biomarkers with high sensitivity has demonstrated considerable potential for compelling, quick, cost-effective, and minimally invasive early-stage cancer detection. In line with this, efforts have been made towards developing an f-graphene@Ti3C2-MXene nanohybrid thin-film-based electrochemical biosensing plat-form for efficient carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) detection. The air-brush spray coating technique has been utilized for depositing the uniform thin films of amine functionalized graphene (f-graphene) and Ti3C2-MXene nanohybrid on ITO-coated glass substrate. The chemical bonding and morphological studies of the deposited nanohybrid thin films are characterized by advanced analytical tools, including XRD, XPS, and FESEM. The EDC-NHS chemistry is employed to immobilize the deposited thin films with monoclonal anti-CEA antibodies, fol-lowed by blocking the non-specific binding sites with BSA. The electrochemical response and optimization of biosensing parameters have been conducted using CV and DPV techniques. The optimized BSA/anti-CEA/f- graphene@Ti3C2-MXene immunoelectrode showed the ability to detect CEA biomarker from 0.01 pg mL-1 to 2000 ng mL-1 having a considerably lower detection limit of 0.30 pg mL-1.