Assessing tree crown fire damage integrating linear spectral mixture analysis and supervised machine learning on Sentinel-2 imagery

Crown fire damage is a mixture of three principal fire-related components: charred material, scorched foliage, and unaltered green canopy. This study estimated the abundance of these physical alterations in two immediate post-fire Mediterranean forest contexts (Portugal and Italy) by applying linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) on Sentinel-2 imagery. The tree crowns fire damage was subsequently mapped, integrating fractional abundance information in a random forest (RF) algorithm, comparing the accuracy resulting from the adoption of generic or image spectral libraries as the primary investigative goal. Although image-derived endmembers resulted in more effectiveness in terms of fire-related components abundance quantification (LMSA-derived RMSE < 0.1), the F-scores always were ≥ 90% whether generic endmembers or image endmembers derived information was employed. The environmental heterogeneity of the two study areas affected the fire severity gradients, with a prevalence of the charred (PT) (45–46%) and green class (IT) (44–53%). Post-fire temporal monitoring was initialized by applying the proposed strategies, and the preliminary results showed a positive recovery trend in forest vegetation from the first year following the fire event, with a reduced charcoal predominance and an increasing proportion of green components.