Association of gender with cardiovascular and autonomic responses to central hypovolemia.

Cardiovascular activity and autonomic function at rest are influenced by gender. During LBNP application, hemodynamic and autonomic responses differed between genders. These gender-based differences in responses during central hypovolemia could potentially be attributed to the lower sympathetic activity in females. With an increasing number of female crew members in space missions, it is important to understand the role sex-steroid hormones play in the regulation of cardiovascular and autonomic activity, at rest and during LBNP.