Green extraction of phospholipids from ghee residue using pulsed electric field processing: Process optimisation and analysis of structural and compositional parameters

Process parameters were optimised using Taguchi orthogonal array design for extraction of phospholipids (PLs) from ghee residue (GR) with pulsed electric field (PEF) assistance. For higher PL yield and antioxidant activity, process voltage and time were observed to be significant factors. Optimised conditions were determined as 60 kV/cm voltage at 7.5 (v/w) solvent (water)-to-solid ratio for 5 min. Physical disruption of GR matrix due to PEF treatment was established through scanning electron micrographs. Lipidomic profile of the extract ascertained through liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (LC-MS) revealed multiple species of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine in the resultant extract.