Detailed analysis of banded chorus gap formation by an electron shell distribution

In a recent paper [K. Min, Phys. Plasmas 30, 012904 (2023)], the formation of the banded chorus with a gap in intensity at half the electron cyclotron frequency (Omega(e)/2) is demonstrated by particle-in-cell simulations including an isotropic shell distribution at an intermediate energy. This follow-up study focuses on the phase space density (PSD) hill formation process and its role in the chorus wave damping at the gap. We first show that phase-trapped particles closely follow single wave characteristics in momentum space. This means that the formation of either PSD hole or hill is primarily determined by the temperature anisotropy, T perpendicular to/T-||, of an initial distribution function. The critical value of T perpendicular to/T-|| increases (decreases) for a higher (lower) resonant frequency. We then revisit the recent banded chorus simulations to investigate how the presence of an isotropic shell distribution self-consistently affects chorus wave evolution at the gap. Initially, with an increasing wave frequency, more and more shell electrons get trapped and a PSD hill is formed. The enhanced PSD hill counteracts wave growth driven by phase-trapped anisotropic electrons and subsequently reduces wave amplitude. The weakened wave self-consistently feeds back to the particle trapping, ultimately suppressing both the PSD hole and hill. By the time the wave frequency reaches about 0:45 Omega(e), the gyro-phase structure of the electron distribution becomes much less organized. In some cases, however, the wave growth at the upstream source region can be strong enough that waves still manage to go through the gap frequency, suggesting that additional process(es) should likely be accompanied.