Electric Machines and Energy Storage: Over a Century of Technologies in Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Electric vehicles (EVs) were among the first automobiles ever built. In fact, in 1900, over 30% of the 2,370 cars in New York, Chicago, and Boston were EVs (Sulzberger 2004). Efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and lightweight energy storage and conversion capabilities have been the main developmental barriers since the first EV circa 1884 (Chan 2002). The development and production of EVs and hybrid ...