Double-network cellulose-based hybrid hydrogels with favourable biocompatibility and antibacterial activity for wound healing

Bacterial infections are among the leading causes of delayed wound healing. At present, a series of antibacterial materials, such as antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), metals and metal oxides (MMOs), have been used to fabricate antibacterial wound dressings. However, their translational potential is limited owing to their poor biocompatibility. e-Polylysine (e-PL) is a natural macromolecule with excellent biocompatibility and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Herein, e-PL was incorporated into a cellulose/gamma-polyglutamic acid (gamma-PGA) composite hydrogel to form a novel double-network hydrogel termed as CGLH. The elastic modulus of CGLH increased from 0.097 +/- 0.015 MPa to 0.441 +/- 0.096 MPa, and the equilibrium swelling ratio increased from 382.7 +/- 24.3 % to 611.2 +/- 8.6 %. Several preclinical models were used to investigate the translational potential of this hydrogel. CGLH exhibited good biocompatibility and antibacterial activity, which promoted the healing of infected and critical-size wounds within 12 days. CGLH had positive effects on collagen synthesis, vascularization and cell proliferation. As a result, this study not only provided an effective alternative for wound healing but also proposed a double-network strategy for creating biocompatible and antibacterial biomaterials.