Microfluidic nanobubbles: observations of a sudden contraction of microbubbles into nanobubbles.

Microfluidic devices are often utilized to generate uniform-size microbubbles. In most microfluidic bubble generation experiments, once the bubbles are formed the gas inside the bubbles begin to dissolve into the surrounding aqueous environment. The bubbles shrink until they attain an equilibrium size dictated by the concentration and type of amphiphilic molecules stabilizing the gas-liquid interface. Here, we exploit this shrinkage mechanism, and control the solution lipid concentration and microfluidic geometry, to make monodisperse bulk nanobubbles. Interestingly, we make the surprising observation of a critical microbubble diameter above and below which the scale of bubble shrinkage dramatically changes. Namely, microbubbles generated with an initial diameter larger than the critical diameter shrinks to a stable diameter that is consistent with previous literature. However, microbubbles that are initially smaller than the critical diameter experience a sudden contraction into nanobubbles whose size is at least an order-of-magnitude below expectations. We apply electron microscopy and resonance mass measurement methods to quantify the size and uniformity of the nanobubbles, and probe the dependence of the critical bubble diameter on the lipid concentration. We anticipate that further analysis of this unexpected microbubble sudden contraction regime can lead to more robust technologies for making monodisperse nanobubbles.