The role of CXCL1/CXCR2 axis in neurological diseases

•This paper describes the basic structure of CXCL1 and CXCR2 and the combination between them. CXCL1/CXCR2 is widely expressed in central and peripheral systems.•CXCL1/CXCR2 recruits inflammatory cells to the lesion site, causing an inflammatory response at the lesion site.•CXCL1/CXCR2 in the central nervous system can cause the development of inflammation, pain, depression, and Alzheimer's disease, but it can also inhibit the development of Alzheimer's disease in certain ways.•CXCL1/CXCR2 causes pain in the peripheral nervous system through multiple pathways.•CXCL1/CXCR2 are involved in cancer metastasis through the peripheral nervous system.