Driving Behavior at Intersections Equipped with Red Light Cameras – A Monte Carlo Simulation Based on Driving Simulator Data

Background: Various impact evaluation studies of red light cameras (RLCs) showed an increase of rear-end collisions (up to 44%). Objective: To evaluate the driving and looking behavior of drivers at intersections equipped with RLCs in an urban area. Method: 63 participants passed an intersection without RLC, with RLC, and with RLC + warning sign (RLCWS) in a driving simulator. These data were used to estimate the risk of rear-end collisions by means of a Monte Carlo Simulation. Results: The relative risk of rear-end collisions for the intersection without RLC, with RLC, and with RLCWS was 1.97%, 12.65%, and 7.89% respectively. A higher percentage of participants observed the RLC when they stopped for the yellow light at the intersection with RLC, compared to the participants who did not stop (62% vs. 28%). Conclusion: Based on the Monte Carlo Simulation, risk of rear-end collisions increases when RLCs are installed. However, this risk decreases when a RLCWS is placed upstream. Application: Road administrations must consider the installation of RLCs very carefully. When RLCs are needed at certain intersections (e.g. to prevent red light running), road administrations should also deliberate about the potential of RLCWS in order to reduce the risk of rear-end collisions.