Ice rise evolution derived from radar investigations at a promontory triple junction, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica

<p>Promontory ice rises are locally grounded features adjacent to ice shelves that are still connected to the ice sheet. Ice rises are an archive for the atmospheric and ice dynamic history of the respective outflow regions where the presence, absence, or migration of Raymond arches in radar stratigraphy represents a memory of the ice-rise evolution. However, ice rises and their inferred dynamic history are not yet used to constrain large-scale ice flow model spin-ups because matching the arch amplitudes includes many unknown parameters, e.g., those pertaining to ice rheology. In particular, anisotropic ice flow models predict gradients in ice fabric anisotropy on either side of an ice divide. However, this has thus far not been validated with observations.</p> <p>&#160;</p> <p>The ground-based phase-sensitive Radio Echo Sounder (pRES) has previously been used to infer ice fabric types for various flow regimes using the co-polarized polarimetric coherence phase as a metric to extract information from the&#160;birefringent radar backscatter. Here, we apply this technique using quad-polarimetric radar data along a 5 km transect across a ridge near the triple junction of Hammarryggen Ice Rise at the Princess Ragnhild Coast. A comparison with ice core data collected at the dome shows that the magnitude of ice fabric anisotropy can reliably be reconstructed from the quad-polarimetric data. We use the combined dataset also to infer the spatial variation of ice fabric orientations in the vicinity of the triple junction. The observations are integrated with airborne radar profiles and strain rates based on the shallow ice approximation. We then discuss whether estimated anisotropy from radar polarimetry on ice rises, in general, can be another observational constraint to better ice rises as an archive of ice dynamics.</p>