New functional materials from lignocellulosic biomass

Lignocellulosic biomass had played an important role in shaping the dawn of civilization. These biomaterials have been utilized for energy generation, shelter, transport, and even weaponry. With the emergence of metals, ceramics, and synthetic plastics, the present global demand of lignocellulosic materials has been significantly reduced. However, the recent energy and environmental crises have revived widespread interest in the use of biomass-derived materials, which are inherently renewable and biocompatible. This chapter presents an overview of the transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into functional materials based on cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The properties and isolation methods of these natural polymers in various forms are discussed in detail. Finally, the recent examples of utilizing the bio-based functional materials for a diverse range of potential applications are summarized.