Hydra: Serialization-Free Network Ordering for Strongly Consistent Distributed Applications.

Many distributed systems, e.g., state machine replication and distributed databases, rely on establishing a consistent order of operations on groups of nodes in the system. Traditionally, this ordering has been established by application-level protocols like Paxos or two-phase locking. Recent work has shown significant performance improvements are attainable by making ordering a network service, but current network sequencing implementations require routing all requests through a single sequencer - leading to scalability, fault tolerance, and load balancing limitations. Our work, Hydra, overcomes these limitations by using a distributed set of network sequencers to provide network ordering. Hydra leverages loosely synchronized clocks on network sequencers to establish message ordering across them, per-sequencer sequence numbers to detect message drops, and periodic timestamp messages to enforce progress when some sequencers are idle. To demonstrate the benefit of Hydra, we co-designed a state machine replication protocol and a distributed transactional system using the Hydra network primitive. Compared to serialization-based network ordering systems, Hydra shows equivalent performance improvement over traditional approaches in both applications, but with significantly higher scalability, shorter sequencer failover time, and better network-level load balancing.