Phase-field simulation tending to depict practical electrodeposition process in lithium-based batteries

Lithium dendrite growth due to uneven electrodeposition usually leads to the potential hazard of internal short circuit and shorter lifetime of lithium-based batteries.Extensive efforts have been devoted to ex-plore the effects of single or two factors on dendrite growth,involving the diffusion coefficient,exchange current density,electrolyte concentration,temperature,and applied voltage.However,these factors in-terrelate during battery operation,signifying that a understanding of how they jointly influence the elec-trodeposition is of paramount importance for the effective suppression of dendrites.Here,we incorporate the dependent relationships among key factors into the phase-field model to capture their synergistic ef-fects on electrodeposition.All the simulations are implemented in our self-written MATLAB code under a unified modeling framework.Following this,five groups of experimentally common dendrite patterns are reproduced and the corresponding electrodeposition driving forces are identified.Unexpectedly,we find that with the decrease of the ratio of exchange current density(or applied voltage)to diffusion coef-ficient,the electrodeposition morphology changes from needle-like dendrites to columnar dendrites and to uniform deposition.The present phase-field simulation tends to depict the practical electrodeposition process,providing important insights into synergistic regulation to suppress dendrite growth.