Perspective of Next Generation Risk Assessment (NGRA) using New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) : Review on Accelerating the Pace of Chemical Risk Assessment (APCRA) Initiative

During the past few decades, toxicity science is shifting from observative to predictive science. New approach methodologies (NAMs), including in chemico, in silico, in vitro approach, gain attention to reduce, refine, replace the whole animal toxicity testing. However, actual acceptances of NAMs in regulatory decision-making have been limited due to low confidence. To address the current constraints, Accelerating the Pace of Chemical Risk Assessment (APCRA) initiative con-ducted several case studies and presented the perspectives of next generation risk assessment (NGRA). In this review, we sug-gested a concept and perspectives of NGRA through analysis on APCRA case studies.