Experimental and theoretical study of synthesis and properties of Cu2O/TiO2 heterojunction for photoelectrochemical purposes

The Cu2O/TiO2 heterojunction is an attractive surface for its optoelectronic properties for developing catalysts, cells, and solar devices. However, the mechanisms involved in synthesizing an electrode using the Cu2O/TiO2 heterojunction can affect the surface properties and the surface/electrolyte interactions. In this work, we studied the formation mechanism of the Cu2O/TiO2 heterojunction by electrochemical deposition (ECD) of Cu2O molecules on TiO2 nanoparticles previously deposited on a fluorine-doped thin oxide coated glass substrate (FTO). The photoelectrochemical properties of the Cu2O/TiO2/FTO electrode were characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, EDX, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical methods. Theoretical methods such as ab-initio density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations were used to understand the experimental results. The analysis carried out by theoretical methods allowed us to identify the initial steps of the formation mechanism of Cu2O molecules on TiO2 nanoparticles. Theoretical calculations demonstrated that forming a Cu2O nanowire-like network on the TiO2 nanoparticle matrix favors the charge transfer at the electrolyte/semiconductor interface, promoting the behavior of the electrode as a cathode. Finally, the Cu2O/TiO2/FTO electrode synthesized was used to perform the reduction photoelectrocatalyzed of nitrate to ammonia under illumination with a Xe-Hg arc lamp and applying −0.5 V bias potential (vs Ag/AgCl sat.) to evaluate the performance of the electrode as a cathode.