Journey of electrochemical chlorine production: From brine to seawater

Chloralkali process plays a predominant and irreplaceable role in the chemical industry because chlorine is used in various industrial processes. Herein, we first present the fundamental catalytic mechanisms and electrode evolution history of chlorine evolution reaction. Then, the advantages and challenges of chlorine production from seawater/seawater-like solution electrocatalysis are discussed. Lastly, future opportunities are highlighted under the frame of materials design, theoretical understanding, advanced characterization techniques, and industrial applications. We hope that this perspective can draw more attention to designing novel and efficient Chloralkali systems that can use seawater/seawater-like solutions to produce chlorine.