High-Fidelity and High-Speed Wavefront Shaping through Complex Media via Sparsity-Constrained Optimization

Achieving high-precision light manipulation is crucial for delivering information through complex media with high fidelity. However, existing spatial light modulation devices face a fundamental tradeoff between speed and accuracy. Digital micromirror devices (DMDs) have emerged as a promising candidate as accessible high-speed wavefront shaping devices but at the cost of compromised fidelity, largely due to the physically limited degrees of freedom and the challenge of numerically optimizing a binary amplitude mask. Here we introduce a physics-based sparsity-constrained optimization framework that takes into account the constraints on wavefront shaping and the sparse-to-dense transformation via complex media to enhance projection fidelity through complex media. Our method achieves unprecedented high-fidelity light manipulation at the full speed of DMDs (22 kHz) owing to the pursuit of more feasible, optimal, and numerically stable inverse solutions. In addition, our method is system-agnostic and generalizable, demonstrating consistent superior performance across different types of complex media with up to an 89% increase in projection accuracy and a 126% improvement in speckle suppression. The proposed optimization framework has the potential to enhance existing holographic setups without any change to the hardware, enable high-fidelity and high-speed wavefront shaping through different scattering media and platforms, and directly facilitate a wide range of physics and real-world applications.