Design and assessment of concrete structures with strut-and-tie models and stress fields: From simple calculations to detailed numerical analysis

The introduction of strut-and-tie models in fib Model Code 1990 as a design basis for discontinuity regions constituted a significant step toward promoting consistent design methods for reinforced concrete structures. In fib Model Code 2010, the scope was broadened through the stress field method that was introduced as a complementary tool. The present article summarizes subsequent evolutions in both methods, which will be incorporated in the upcoming fib Model Code 2020. Besides emphasizing their suitability for the structural design and assessment, their adaptability to the "Levels-of-approximation " approach is also depicted. This article presents the theoretical ground of both methods and looks on their potential for computer-modeling implementation. With this respect, several strategies are presented by discussing their advantages and optimum field of application.