Internal and interfacial microstructure characterization of ice droplets on surfaces by X-ray computed tomography.

Using XCT on ice/surface systems, the 3D and 4D (imaging with temporal resolution) structural information can be visualized. From these datasets, qualitative and quantitative results were obtained, not only for characterizing the interface but also for analyzing the entire droplet/surface system, e.g., measurement of porosity size, shape, and location. These results highlight the potential of XCT in the characterization of both droplets and substrates and proves that the technique can aid to develop hydrophobic surfaces for use as icephobic materials.