Far-field Coupling and Interactions in Multiple Geospheres After the Tonga Volcano Eruptions

The Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) underwater volcano triggered giant atmospheric shock waves propagating around the world. These shock waves were the major factor for the changes in numerous geophysical parameters. A novel multi-instrumental array is located ~ 10,275 km northwest of the HTHH volcano. Most instruments of the array were installed within ~ 400 m 2 for monitoring vibrations and perturbations in the lithosphere, atmosphere, and ionosphere. The multiple instruments captured the eruption-associated disturbances with various scales ranging from minutes to hours over the certain location, simultaneously, which offer an excellent opportunity for investigating the geosphere coupling. The primary phenomena of the eruption-associated disturbances are the long-period changes (period of ~ 2 h) in the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) and the magnetic field in the upper atmosphere (above 100 km altitude), indicating the interactions of the ionospheric electrodynamics. The secondary phenomena included the wind disturbances at ~ 3000 m altitude, which contribute to short-period changes (periods of up to ten minutes) in air pressure, ground vibrations, and atmospheric electric field. The near-surface disturbances propagate upward with a near acoustic speed that causes short-period variations in the geomagnetic field and TEC. The primary changes in ionospheric electrodynamics, wind disturbance in the lower atmosphere, and its upward propagation, as well as the resonance, enrich our understanding of the geosphere coupling.