Tannic Acid‐Promoted Deposition of Glucose Oxidase on Titanium Surfaces for Mitigation of Persistent Bacterial Infections

Microbial contamination of the surfaces of biomedical materials/devices is a major obstacle to their clinical applications. Therefore, developing a simple, efficient, and sustainable antibacterial coating is of increasing importance. Inspired by the surface adhesive effect of polyphenols, tannic acid (TA) is utilized to immobilize glucose oxidase (GOD) on the surface of biomedical materials, via hydrogen bonding. Under appropriate physiological conditions, antibacterial and anti-infection effects of the as-constructed TA/GOD coatings are explored. Through enzymatic conversion of glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the TA/GOD coating shows strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The TA/GOD coating also effectively resists biofilm formation of E. coli and S. aureus. Both in vitro and in vivo studies reveal that the TA/GOD coating does not induce significant adverse side effects during the treatment period. Thus, the present strategy produces an effective coating that resists both bacterial adhesion and persistent infection associated with biomedical materials/implants in the glucose-containing physiological environment.