Introduction: 20 years of welfare reform in China (2000-2020): Challenges from developmentalism to COVID-19

China as a welfare system is not yet well understood in social policy circles, despite being a well-studied case in public administration and political science. Would this party-state care to commit for its citizens' welfare? For many, associating the idea of a welfare state with China is still something to be frowned upon. Most available literature, especially in the English language, describes social policies in China as residual, unequally distributed, strongly dependent on local finances, prone to social dumping-especially for rural residents and migrant workers-paternalistic, disregarding social needs and so on. Yet, we believe that the social dumping practices of the 1980s and 1990s are now a thing of the past. As the government has taken a decidedly pro-welfare stance since the 2000s, it could be more reasonable to identify different historical phases through which the welfare system took shape in China. We identify and discuss three stages in particular: the 'iron rice bowl' phase of socialist China (1949-1978), the welfare shedding resulting from China's opening up to the market (1979-2002), and the 'social policy era' characterised by major welfare expansion (2002-2020).