Challenges and opportunities associated with composting and its end-products application

The increasing of urbanization and industrialization level has led to a sharp rise in the production of waste, most of which is bio-waste. This is a global challenge because traditional waste disposal approaches (i.e. landfills) cause surrounding problems containing greenhouse gas emissions, leachate generation, and toxic volatilization. Composting is an environmentally friendly and effective to recycle biological waste. This chapter introduces the development of global scenario organic waste generation, the development of organic waste composting technology, and the use of organic waste to recycle the necessary nutrients in organic wastes. The general utilization of compost as a fertilizer or soil additive is introduced, with emphasis on less utilization rate of practicing the organic waste composting. Through the analysis of key methods, this chapter purposes are to conduct a full-scale investigation on the energy content of compost pellets, which has a little information. If the increasing value of organic fertilizer and carbon offsets can be used for nutrient recycling, which have a positive impact on economic viability. At the same time, this article also looks forward to the environmental impact and future development prospects of the technology, providing further insights for the application of the technology in the closed loop of the circular bioeconomy.