Identification of l-Tryptophan by down-field H-1 MRS: A precursor for brain NAD(+) and serotonin syntheses

Purpose To explore the presence of new resonances beyond 9.4 ppm from the human brain, down-field proton MRS was performed in vivo in the human brain on 6 healthy volunteers at 7 T. Methods To maximize the SNR, a large voxel was placed within the brain to cover the maximal area in such a way that sinus cavities were avoided. A spectrally selective 90 degrees E-BURP pulse with an excitation bandwidth of 2 ppm was used to probe the spectral chemical shift range between 9.1 and 10.5 ppm. The E-BURP pulse was integrated with PRESS spatial localization to obtain non-water-suppressed proton MR spectra from the desired spectral region. Results In the down-field proton MRS obtained from all of the volunteers scanned, we identified a new peak consistently resonating at 10.1 ppm. Protons associated with this resonance are in cross-relaxation with the bulk water, as demonstrated by the water saturation and deuterium exchange experiments. Conclusion Based on the chemical shift, this new peak was identified as the indole (-NH) proton of l-tryptophan (l-TRP) and was further confirmed from phantom experiments on l-TRP. These promising preliminary results potentially pave the way to investigate the role of cerebral metabolism of l-TRP in healthy and disease conditions.