Comparative Genomic Characterization of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins in Cattle and Buffalo.

The somatotropic axis consists of genes associated with economic traits like muscle growth and carcass traits in livestock. Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins () are the major proteins that play a vital role in the somatotropic axis. The present study performed a genome-wide characterization of genes in cattle. Genomic sequences of the gene family for different mammals (cattle, buffalo, goat, and sheep) were recovered from the NCBI database. Sequence analyses were performed to investigate cattle's genomic variations in the IGFBP gene family. Phylogenetic analysis, gene structure, motif patterns, and conserved domain analysis (CDA) of the family revealed the evolutionarily conserved nature of the genes in cattle and other studied species. Physicochemical properties of proteins in cattle revealed that most of these proteins are unstable, hydrophilic, thermostable, and acidic. Comparative amino acid analysis revealed variations in all protein sequences with single indels in and Mutation analysis revealed only one nonsynonymous mutation D212 > E in the protein of cattle. A total of 245 nuclear hormone receptor (NHRs) sites were detected, including 139 direct repeats (DR), 65 everted repeats (ER), and 41 inverted repeats (IR). Out of 133 transcription factors (TFs), 10 TFs (, , , , , , , , and ) had differential distribution ( value < 0.05) of putative transcriptional binding sites (TFBS) in cattle compared to buffalo. Synteny analysis revealed the conserved nature of genes between cattle and buffalo. Two gene pairs (IGFBP1/IGFBP3 and IGFBP2/IGFBP5) showed tandem duplication events in cattle and buffalo. This study highlights the functional importance of genomic variation in genes and necessitates further investigations better to understand the role and mechanisms of s in bovines.