The effects of physical exercise on the brain and neurocognitive functioning during childhood

Childhood development is a critical indicator of healthy, successful adult life. Attaining important cognitive milestones, leading to high academic achievement is associated with increased adult health, occupational success, mental health as well as a range of other important outcomes. Exercise in children is an important mediator of cognitive development, with effects on executive functioning, neurophysiology, language, and academic achievement. A combination of cognitively engaging activity and aerobic exercise seems to be the optimal application, with the largest impacts on cognition. In this chapter, the evidence surrounding physical activity and childhood cognitive development is discussed, with practical recommendations for prescribers provided.