Generative Adversarial Networks Can Create High Quality Artificial Prostate Cancer Magnetic Resonance Images

Abstract Purpose: Recent integration of open-source data to machine learning models, especially in the medical field, has opened new doors to study disease progression and/or regression. However, the limitation of using medical data for machine learning approaches is the specificity of data to a particular medical condition. In this context, most recent technologies like generative adversarial networks (GAN) could be used to generate high quality synthetic data that preserves the clinical variability. Materials and Methods: In this study, we used 139 T2-weighted prostate magnetic resonant images (MRI) from various sources as training data for Single Natural Image GAN (SinGAN), to make a generative model. A deep learning semantic segmentation pipeline trained the model to segment the prostate boundary on 2D MRI slices. Synthetic images with a high-level segmentation boundary of the prostate were filtered and used in the quality control assessment by participating scientists with varying degree of experience (more than 10 years, 1 year, or no experience) to work with MRI images. Results: The most experienced participating group correctly identified conventional vs synthetic images with 67% accuracy, the group with 1 year of experience correctly identified the images with 58% accuracy, and group with no prior experience reached 50% accuracy. Nearly half (47%) of the synthetic images were mistakenly evaluated as conventional images. Interestingly, a blinded quality assessment by a board-certified radiologist to differentiate conventional and synthetic images was not significantly different in context of the mean quality of synthetic and conventional images. Conclusions: This study shows promise that high quality synthetic images from MRI can be generated using GAN. Such an AI model may contribute significantly to various clinical applications which involves supervised machine learning approaches. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.