The First Direct Measurement of Gravitational Potential Decay Rate at Cosmological Scales and Improved Dark Energy Constraint

The integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) effect probes the decay rate (DR) of large-scale gravitational potential and therefore provides a unique constraint on dark energy (DE). However, its constraining power is degraded by the ISW measurement, which relies on cross-correlating with the large-scale structure (LSS) and suffers from uncertainties in galaxy bias and matter clustering. In combination with lensing-LSS cross correlation, DR can be isolated in a way free of uncertainties in galaxy bias and matter clustering. We applied this proposal to the combination of the Data Release 8 galaxy catalog of DESI imaging surveys and Planck cosmic microwave background maps. We achieved the first DR measurement, with a total significance of 3.2 sigma. We verified the measurements at three redshift bins ([0.2, 0.4), [0.4, 0.6), [0.6, 0.8]), with two LSS tracers (the "low-density points" and the conventional galaxy positions). Despite its relatively low signal-to-noise ratio, the addition of DR significantly improves dark energy constraints, over Sloan Digital Sky Survey baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) data alone or Pantheon supernovae (SNe) compilation alone. For flat wCDM cosmology, the improvement in the precision of omega( m ) is a factor of 1.8 over BAO and 1.5 over SNe. For the DE equation of state w, the improvement factor is 1.3 over BAO and 1.4 over SNe. These improvements demonstrate DR as a useful cosmological probe, and therefore we advocate its usage in future cosmological analysis.