Numerical approach for sizing vertical ground heat exchangers based on constant design load and desired outlet temperature

Vertical ground heat exchangers (GHE), as part of a ground source heat pump system, have been utilized for energy extraction/injection from/to the ground, i.e. a renewable source of energy, in the heating/cooling months to reduce building energy utilization. The current available GHE sizing methods are mostly based on several over-simplified one or two dimensional analyses, which cannot predict its thermal behavior with the accurate and realistic boundary conditions or in series configurations. In this study, thermal performance of vertical GHEs is numerically investigated at a given constant load through solving full transient 3D Navier-Stokes equations inside the U-tubes and the energy equation all over the computational domain, i.e. both fluid and solid parts. There are three interconnected parameters, namely GHE load, the heat transfer fluid outlet temperature, and the GHE depth that influence its thermal performance and consequently, the required investment cost. Therefore, the thermal performance of GHEs is computed for different constant loads at different depths, and it is shown that at each constant load, there is a trade-off between the investment cost and the thermal performance. Furthermore, the GHEs thermal performance in parallel and series configuration is investigated at a fixed depth and different loads. In light of the obtained data, the required size of the GHEs for a test building with an imbalanced energy extraction/injection rate is derived and the thermal performance of the proposed cluster of GHEs is numerically simulated for 20 years.