Proteomic Analysis of the Intestinal Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Mouse Model With Thyroid Hormone Receptor Alpha Mutations

Thyroid hormone is critical during the development of vertebrates and affects the function of many organs and tissues, especially the intestine. Triiodothyronine (T-3) is the active form and can bind to thyroid hormone nuclear receptors (TRs) to play a vital role in the development of vertebrates. The resistance to thyroid hormone alpha, as seen in patients, has been mimicked by the Thra(E403X) mutation. To investigate the mechanisms underlying the effect of TR alpha 1 on intestinal development, the present study employed proteomic analysis to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the distal ileum between homozygous Thra(E403X/E403X) and wild-type Thra(+/+) mice. A total of 1,189 DEPs were identified, including 603 upregulated and 586 downregulated proteins. Proteomic analysis revealed that the DEPs were highly enriched in the metabolic process, the developmental process, the transporter of the nutrients, and the intestinal immune system-related pathway. Of these DEPs, 20 proteins were validated by parallel reaction monitoring analysis. Our intestinal proteomic results provide promising candidates for future studies, as they suggest novel mechanisms by which TR alpha 1 may influence intestinal development, such as the transport of intestinal nutrients and the establishment of innate and adaptive immune barriers of the intestine.