Sequestration of Anionic and Cationic Dyes through Thermally Activated Slate and Their Kinetics and Thermodynamic Characteristics

Adsorption is one of the most common and most robust techniques for the decontamination approach of effluents, owing to its design flexibility, simplicity, cost effectiveness, and high efficiency. However, its application is limited on a large scale due to its cost. The current study investigates the use of low-cost, ecofriendly, and ubiquitous thermally activated clay material. Thermally treated clay was used for the adsorption of crystal violet (CV), Congo red (CR), and malachite green (MG) organic dyes from aqueous solutions. Characterization of slate was carried out with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, N-2 physisorption, and XRF spectrometry. The adsorption process was studied as a function of concentration, time, pH, and temperature. Using the batch adsorption technique, the experimentally obtained adsorption data were fitted to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption data followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics, and the adsorption capacity was recorded as 360.12 mg/g for CV, 409.23 mg/g for CR, and 390.14 mg/g for MG. The good uptake is the outcome of a greater surface area (24.751 m(2)/g) for the slate activated at 873 K. The thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption process remained endothermic and spontaneous. Thermally activated slate proved itself to be an efficient adsorbent and can effectively be used for the removal of textile dyes from the contaminated water, and it is evident from the good uptake of the adsorbate by the adsorbent.