Differential gene expression profiling reveals potential biomarkers and pharmacological compounds against SARS-CoV-2: insights from machine learning and bioinformatics approaches

The precise role of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in the pathophysiology of the nasopharyngeal tract (NT) is still unfathomable. Therefore, we used the machine learning methods to analyze 22 RNAseq datasets from COVID 19 patients (n=8), recovered individuals (n=7), and healthy individuals (n=7) to find disease-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In comparison to healthy controls, we found 1960 and 153 DEG signatures in COVID 19 patients and recovered individuals, respectively. We compared dysregulated DEGs to detect critical pathways and gene ontology (GO) connected to COVID 19 comorbidities. In COVID-19 patients, the DEG miRNA and DEG transcription factors (TFs) interactions network analysis revealed that E2F1, MAX, EGR1, YY1, and SRF were the most highly expressed TFs, whereas hsa-miR-19b, hsa-miR-495, hsa miR 340, hsa miR 101, and hsa-miR-19a were the overexpressed miRNAs. Three chemical agents (Valproic Acid, Alfatoxin B1, and Cyclosporine) were abundant in COVID 19 patients and recovered individuals. Mental retardation, mental deficit, intellectual disability, muscle hypotonia, micrognathism, and cleft palate were the significant diseases associated with COVID-19 by sharing DEGs. Finally, we detected DEGs impacted by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and mediated by TFs and miRNA expression, indicating that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection may contribute to various comorbidities. These pathogenetic findings can provide some crucial insights into the complex interplay between COVID 19 and the recovery stage and support its importance in the therapeutic development strategy to combat against COVID 19 pandemic. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.