Therapeutic Strategy Using Interventional Radiology for Refractory Esophageal Varices Resistant to Endoscopic Treatment

Esophageal varices (EVs) may be present in around half of patients with cirrhosis. Since variceal hemorrhaging can cause high rebleeding and mortality rates, preventing the first episode of variceal bleeding is crucial in patients with variceal ligation (EVL) and endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS), are widely used to arrest and prevent bleeding as the first-line choice for the treatment of EVs. However, in refractory cases, as presented in Fujii's report (1), interventional radiology (IVR) therapies are additionally and/or al