Association between cardiovascular risk factors and intracranial hemorrhage in patients with acute leukemia

Background Intracranial hemorrhage is seen more frequently in acute leukemia patients compared to the general population. Besides leukemia-related risk factors, also risk factors that are present in the general population might contribute to hemorrhagic complications in leukemia patients. Of those, cardiovascular risk factors leading to chronic vascular damage could modulate the occurrence of intracranial hemorrhage in these patients, as during their disease and treatment acute endothelial damage occurs due to factors like thrombocytopenia and inflammation. Objectives Our aim was to explore if cardiovascular risk factors can predict intracranial hemorrhage in acute leukemia patients. Methods In a case-control study nested in a cohort of acute leukemia patients, including 17 cases with intracranial hemorrhage and 55 matched control patients without intracranial hemorrhage, data on cardiovascular risk factors were collected for all patients. Analyses were performed via conditional logistic regression. Results Pre-existing hypertension and ischemic heart disease in the medical history were associated with intracranial hemorrhage, with an incidence rate ratio of 12.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5 to 109.2) and 12.1 (95% CI 1.3 to110.7), respectively. Conclusion Both pre-existing hypertension and ischemic heart disease seem to be strong predictors of an increased risk for intracranial hemorrhage in leukemia patients.