Serial invasions can disrupt the time course of ecosystem recovery

The impacts of species invasions can subside or amplify over time as ecosystems “adapt” or additional invaders arrive. These long-term changes provide important insights into ecosystem dynamics. Yet studies of long-term dynamics are rare and often confound species impacts with coincident environmental change. We synthesize many-decade time-series across ecosystems to resolve shared changes in seven key features following invasion by quagga and zebra mussels, two widespread congeners that re-engineer and increasingly co-invade freshwaters. Six polymictic shallow lakes with long-term data sets reveal remarkably similar trends, with the strongest ecosystem impacts occurring within 5-10 years of zebra mussel invasion. Surprisingly, plankton communities then exhibited a partial, significant recovery. This recovery was absent, and impacts of initial invasion amplified, in lakes where quagga mussels outcompeted zebra mussels and more completely depleted phytoplankton. Thus, invasion impacts subside over time but can amplify with serial introductions of competing, even closely similar, taxa. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.