Magnetic resonance fingerprinting residual signals can disassociate human grey matter regions

The importance of accurate structural discrimination of the human grey matter regions has motivated the development of observer-independent reproducible methods that account for inter-individual architectonic variations. We introduce a non-invasive statistical residual analysis framework, employing unique tissue-specific magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) signals after adjusting for the effect of T 1 and T 2 * MR relaxometry parameters (here termed MRF residuals). A 7 T Siemens MR scanner was used to acquire MRF signals, quantitative transmit magnetic field (B 1 + ) maps and T 1 -weighted anatomical images of eleven cortical areas (5L, 5M, 5Ci, 7A, 7P, 7PC, hIP3, BA2, BA4a, BA4p and BA6) from six female participants. MRF residual signal for each voxel was calculated as the difference between the actual and best matching MRF signal evolutions from a precomputed MRF dictionary covering a range of T 1 , T 2 * and B 1 + values. To compare MRF residuals between regions of interest, normalised autocorrelation was used as a shape-based statistical signal characterisation method and the Euclidean distance between autocorrelation profiles of residuals was used to measure the interareal dissimilarity. In the eleven cortical areas in both cerebral hemispheres of six participants, the proposed MRF residual analysis consistently showed interareal dissimilarity profiles that concorded with histological studies, indicating that MRF residuals potentially contain tissue microstructural information. MRF residual signals provide additional area-specific information that is complementary to the MR relaxometry-based (T 1 , T 2 * ) information used previously for distinguishing microstructural differences between human cerebral cortex regions in vivo. The proposed approach led to more accurate identification of structural variations across cortical areas of interest.