Ballistic limit predictions for perforation of multi-layered aluminium armour targets by rigid, nose-pointed projectiles

•A model for estimating ballistic performance of multi-layered targets is developed.•The resistance of each layer is influenced by its relative position in the stack.•Ballistic experiments and numerical simulations are used to validate the model.•Nearly constant deceleration phase is identified as part of the perforation process.•New and unexpected prediction of the model is verified by numerical simulations.