Maternal origin and genetic diversity of Algerian domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) from North-Western Africa based on mitochondrial DNA analysis

Local chicken populations are a major source of food in the rural areas of Algeria. However, their origin has not been well characterized. The objectives of this study were to assess genetic diversity and maternal origin of domestic chicken from five agro-ecological regions of western Algeria: coastal (CT), inland plains (IP), highlands (HL), mountains (MT) and sahara (SH, including Oasis, Req and Erg regions). A set of 88 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop sequences including the hypervariable region I (HV1) were analyzed. From the 397 bp D-loop sequence, 20 variable sites that defined 13 haplotypes were identified in Algerian domestic chicken. The haplotype and nucleotide diversity were estimated as 0.597 and 0.003, respectively. Phylogenetic and network analyses indicated the presence of two clades or haplogroups (A and E). Only one clade A haplotype was observed exclusively in the population of mountains, while, Clade E haplotypes were found in almost all Algerian chicken with twelve different haplotypes. These findings suggest that Algerian chickens derived from the most ubiquitous haplogroup which have its root in the Indian subcontinent. Our results provide important information about the origin of the North-West African chicken and the historical dispersal of the first chicken populations into African continent.